Tonsils & Adenoids
The tonsils and adenoids are part of the body's immune system and help protect against infections by trapping germs that enter through the mouth and nose. However, these tissues can sometimes become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions that may require evaluation by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that commonly causes swelling, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. It is most often caused by a viral or bacterial infection and occurs more frequently in children, although it can affect people of any age.
What causes tonsillitis?
The tonsils are lymphatic tissues located at the back of the throat that help trap germs and bacteria entering through the mouth. Because they are constantly exposed to infectious organisms, they can become infected themselves. Tonsil infections are especially common in children, as the immune function of the tonsils becomes less significant after puberty.
Tonsillitis is an infection or inflammation of the tonsils that may be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergies, or upper respiratory illnesses. Common symptoms include red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen lymph nodes, bad breath, headache, and neck discomfort. Some patients may also develop white or yellow patches on the tonsils. In young children, symptoms can include irritability, excessive drooling, and a decreased appetite.
Because bacterial infections such as strep throat are a common cause of tonsillitis, healthcare providers may perform testing to determine whether streptococcal bacteria are responsible for the infection.
What causes Adenoiditis?
Adenoids, like tonsils, can also become infected. They are soft tissue masses located behind the nose and the roof of the mouth that help the immune system by trapping germs and producing antibodies to fight infection.
Because of their role in defending against pathogens, adenoids frequently come into contact with viruses and bacteria, which can lead to infection. This condition is called adenoiditis. It is most common in children and is rare in adults, since the adenoids typically begin shrinking around age five or six and usually disappear by the teenage years. A wide range of viruses and bacteria can cause adenoid infections.
Treatment for tonsillitis depends on the underlying cause. Viral tonsillitis typically resolves on its own within one to two weeks and can often be managed with supportive care. Rest, adequate hydration, and soothing warm liquids such as tea or broth may help relieve symptoms during recovery.
Additional measures, including gargling with warm salt water, using throat lozenges, and avoiding smoke or other irritants, can help reduce throat discomfort. Cold foods and beverages may also provide temporary relief.
If tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial infection, such as strep throat, antibiotics are usually prescribed to eliminate the infection and prevent complications. For individuals who experience frequent or recurrent episodes of tonsillitis, a physician may recommend a tonsillectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the tonsils.
How is tonsillitis treated?
How is Adenoiditis treated?
Because the symptoms of adenoiditis can resemble other conditions, a thorough examination is needed for an accurate diagnosis. A healthcare provider will typically examine the ears, nose, and throat and may also check for swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Since adenoids are not always easily seen during a standard exam, imaging such as X-rays may be used.
If the infection is viral, it usually resolves within a few days and is treated with supportive care such as rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications like pain relievers, antihistamines, or decongestants. When a bacterial infection is responsible, antibiotics are typically prescribed.
In cases of chronic or recurrent ear infections linked to adenoiditis, surgery may be recommended. An adenoidectomy, the removal of the adenoids, is a common outpatient procedure. In some cases, a tonsillectomy may also be performed at the same time, since tonsil and adenoid infections often occur together.